Method and system for pre-ignition control

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are provided for reducing late burn induced cylinder pre-ignition events. Forced entry of residuals from a late burning cylinder into a neighboring cylinder may be detected based on engine block vibrations sensed in a window during an open exhaust valve of the late burning cylinder. In response to the entry of residuals, a pre-ignition mitigating action, such as fuel enrichment or deactivation, is performed in the neighboring cylinder.

FIELD

The present description relates generally to methods and systems forcontrolling a vehicle engine to reduce pre-ignition events.

BACKGROUND/SUMMARY

Under certain operating conditions, engines that have high compressionratios, or are boosted to increase specific output, may be prone to lowspeed pre-ignition combustion events. The early combustion due topre-ignition can cause very high in-cylinder pressures, and can resultin combustion pressure waves similar to combustion knock, but withlarger intensity. Late burn combustion events wherein the combustion islater than intended can also lead to pre-ignition combustion events.Specifically, the late combustion can lead to high exhaust manifoldpressures and temperatures, as well as higher than intended exhaustresiduals, which raises the probability of pre-ignition events.

The Applicants herein have recognized that in turbocharged engines, lateburning cylinder combustion events can raise pressures in the exhaustmanifold significantly. During some conditions, the elevated exhaustmanifold pressures generated in a late burning cylinder can overcome theexhaust valve spring pressure and potentially open exhaust valves onadjacent cylinders. The resulting filling of a neighboring cylinder withhot exhaust residuals can lead to a pre-ignition event on the adjacentcylinder. The problem can be exacerbated in small volume exhaustmanifolds that are specifically designed to reduce turbo lag inturbocharger boosted engines.

Thus in one example, some of the above issues may be at least partlyaddressed by a method for an engine comprising, in response to a sensedblock vibration in a window during an open exhaust valve of a firstcylinder undergoing a late combustion event and after exhaust valveclosing of a second cylinder, performing a pre-ignition mitigatingaction in the second cylinder. In this way, late burn inducedpre-ignition events can be better detected and appropriately mitigated.

In one example, a first cylinder may under a late combustion event withspark timing retarded from MBT to provide transient torque control. Acontroller may then assess the output of one or more knock sensorscoupled to an engine block in a (first) window that is adjusted to beduring an open exhaust valve event of the first cylinder. The window maybe adjusted to be after exhaust valve closing and after intake valveopening of a second cylinder that could receive exhaust residuals fromthe first cylinder but before intake valve closing and before a sparkignition event in the second cylinder. The sensor output may be filteredin the window. For example, the sensor output may be filtered through afirst band-pass filter to filter out a first range of frequencies. Inresponse to the filtered sensor output in the first window being largerthan a threshold, it may be determined that an exhaust valve of thesecond cylinder has been forced open due to elevated exhaust manifoldpressures, and that the sensor output was indicative of the cylinderexhaust valve slamming upon return to the exhaust seat. Herein, the highexhaust manifold pressure is due to the late combustion event in therecently firing first cylinder that generates a large amount of hotexhaust residuals and the exhaust valve slamming represents the(unintended) delivery of the hot residuals into the neighboring cylindervia forced opening of the exhaust valve. Based on the identity of therecently firing cylinder, the identity of engine cylinders that havetheir exhaust valves at a base circle of an exhaust camshaft, and atiming of the knock sensor output, the second cylinder receiving the hotresiduals from the late burn event may be identified. An enginecontroller may then perform a pre-ignition mitigating action in theaffected cylinder. For example, the controller may disable fuelinjection or enrich fuel injection to the second cylinder receiving thehot residuals so as to reduce a temperature of the hot residuals, insitu, and thereby reduce a likelihood of late-burn induced pre-ignition.

It will be appreciated that the controller may also use the same knocksensors to identify cylinder knock and pre-ignition events in othercylinders. For example, by filtering the sensor output through a second,different band-pass filter to filter out a second, different range offrequencies, and by assessing the filtered sensor output in a second,earlier window, the controller may determine if knock or pre-ignitionhas occurred in a third cylinder firing immediately after the firstcylinder.

In this way, vibrations detected during an open exhaust valve of a latecombusting cylinder can be used to detect elevated exhaust manifoldpressures and forced entry of residuals into a neighboring cylinder. Byperforming a pre-ignition mitigating action in the affected cylinder, atemperature of the received charge can be rapidly cooled to reduceabnormal cylinder combustion events. By improving detection ofunintended exhaust valve opening and receipt of hot residuals,mitigating actions can be performed in a timely manner and enginedegradation due to late burn induced pre-ignition events can be reduced.In addition, the sensed vibrations can be used to detect cylinder knockand pre-ignition events in firing cylinders. By using the same knocksensors to detect and distinguish cylinder knock, pre-ignition, andforced exhaust residual entry, component and cost reduction benefits areachieved.

It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introducein simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described inthe detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essentialfeatures of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defineduniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description.Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited toimplementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any partof this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an internal combustion engine.

FIG. 2 shows an alternate embodiment of the engine of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a high level flow chart for performing a pre-ignitionmitigating action in one or more cylinders responsive to late combustionin a neighboring cylinder.

FIG. 4 shows a high level flow chart for detecting an unintended openingof a cylinder exhaust valve.

FIG. 5 shows an example detection of exhaust valve ringing responsive toforced entry of residuals generated during late combustion event in afirst cylinder being received in a second cylinder.

FIGS. 6-7 show example cylinder enrichments, according to the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description relates to systems and methods for detectingdelivery of hot residuals in a cylinder responsive to late combustion ina neighboring cylinder and adjusting of a fuel injection to the affectedcylinder so as to reduce late burn inducted pre-ignition events. Inengines configured with small exhaust manifolds, such as the enginesystems of FIGS. 1-2, exhaust residuals from a late combustion event ina first cylinder can raise exhaust manifold pressures such that theresiduals are forcibly received in a second, neighboring cylinder. Anengine controller may be configured to perform a control routine, suchas the routine of FIG. 3, to adjust a fuel injection to the secondcylinder (e.g., deactivate, or enrich the fuel injection) if thecombustion timing of combustion in the first cylinder is beyond athreshold timing wherein a large amount of hot exhaust residuals mightbe released from the first cylinder into the exhaust manifold andpotentially forcibly received in the second cylinder. Example fuelinjection adjustments are described with reference to FIGS. 6-7. Thecontroller may be further configured to perform a control routine, suchas the routine of FIG. 4, to detect the forced opening of a cylinderexhaust valve based on engine block vibrations sensed in a window duringan open exhaust valve event of the late combusting cylinder. An exampledetection is shown at FIG. 5. In this way, an exhaust valve eventoccurring outside of a cylinder's intake and exhaust stroke can be usedto identify delivery of exhaust residuals to a cylinder from a latecombustion event in a neighboring cylinder. By adjusting fuel injectionto the cylinder receiving hot residuals, a temperature of the residualsmay be decreased and a likelihood of late burn induced pre-ignition maybe reduced.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing one cylinder of multi-cylinderengine 10, which may be included in a propulsion system of anautomobile. Engine 10 may be controlled at least partially by a controlsystem including controller 12 and by input from a vehicle operator 130via an input device 132. In this example, input device 132 includes anaccelerator pedal and a pedal position sensor 134 for generating aproportional pedal position signal PP. Combustion chamber (i.e.cylinder) 30 of engine 10 may include combustion chamber walls 136 withpiston 138 positioned therein. Piston 138 may be coupled to crankshaft140 so that reciprocating motion of the piston is translated intorotational motion of the crankshaft. Crankshaft 140 may be coupled to atleast one drive wheel of a vehicle via an intermediate transmissionsystem. Further, a starter motor may be coupled to crankshaft 140 via aflywheel to enable a starting operation of engine 10.

Cylinder 30 can receive intake air via a series of intake air passages142, 144, and 146. Intake air passage 146 can communicate with othercylinders of engine 10 in addition to cylinder 30. In some embodiments,one or more of the intake passages may include a boosting device such asa turbocharger or a supercharger. For example, FIG. 1 shows engine 10configured with a turbocharger including a compressor 174 arrangedbetween intake passages 142 and 144, and an exhaust turbine 176 arrangedalong exhaust passage 148. Compressor 174 may be at least partiallypowered by exhaust turbine 176 via a shaft 180 where the boosting deviceis configured as a turbocharger. However, in other examples, such aswhere engine 10 is provided with a supercharger, exhaust turbine 176 maybe optionally omitted, where compressor 174 may be powered by mechanicalinput from a motor or the engine. A throttle 20 including a throttleplate 164 may be provided along an intake passage of the engine forvarying the flow rate and/or pressure of intake air provided to theengine cylinders. For example, throttle 20 may be disposed downstream ofcompressor 174 as shown in FIG. 1, or alternatively may be providedupstream of compressor 174.

Exhaust passage 148 can receive exhaust gases from other cylinders ofengine 10 in addition to cylinder 30. In one example, exhaust passage148 may receive exhaust from all the cylinders of engine 10. However, insome embodiments, as elaborated at FIG. 2, the exhaust from one or morecylinders may be routed to a first exhaust passage, while the exhaustfrom one or more other (remaining) cylinders may be routed to a second,different exhaust passage, the distinct exhaust passages then convergingfurther downstream, at or beyond an exhaust emission control device.Exhaust gas sensor 128 is shown coupled to exhaust passage 148 upstreamof emission control device 178. Sensor 128 may be selected from amongvarious suitable sensors for providing an indication of exhaust gasair/fuel ratio such as a linear oxygen sensor or UEGO (universal orwide-range exhaust gas oxygen), a two-state oxygen sensor or EGO (asdepicted), a HEGO (heated EGO), a NOx, HC, or CO sensor, for example.Emission control device 178 may be a three way catalyst (TWC), NOx trap,various other emission control devices, or combinations thereof.

Exhaust temperature may be estimated by one or more temperature sensors(not shown) located in exhaust passage 148. Alternatively, exhausttemperature may be inferred based on engine operating conditions such asspeed, load, air-fuel ratio (AFR), spark retard, etc. Further, exhausttemperature may be computed by one or more exhaust gas sensors 128. Itmay be appreciated that the exhaust gas temperature may alternatively beestimated by any combination of temperature estimation methods listedherein.

Each cylinder of engine 10 may include one or more intake valves and oneor more exhaust valves. For example, cylinder 30 is shown including atleast one intake poppet valve 150 and at least one exhaust poppet valve156 located at an upper region of cylinder 30. In some embodiments, eachcylinder of engine 10, including cylinder 30, may include at least twointake poppet valves and at least two exhaust poppet valves located atan upper region of the cylinder.

Intake valve 150 may be controlled by controller 12 by cam actuation viacam actuation system 151. Similarly, exhaust valve 156 may be controlledby controller 12 via cam actuation system 153. Cam actuation systems 151and 153 may each include one or more cams and may utilize one or more ofcam profile switching (CPS), variable cam timing (VCT), variable valvetiming (VVT) and/or variable valve lift (VVL) systems that may beoperated by controller 12 to vary valve operation. The position ofintake valve 150 and exhaust valve 156 may be determined by valveposition sensors 155 and 157, respectively. In alternative embodiments,the intake and/or exhaust valve may be controlled by electric valveactuation. For example, cylinder 30 may alternatively include an intakevalve controlled via electric valve actuation and an exhaust valvecontrolled via cam actuation including CPS and/or VCT systems. In stillother embodiments, the intake and exhaust valves may be controlled by acommon valve actuator or actuation system, or a variable valve timingactuator or actuation system.

Cylinder 30 can have a compression ratio, which is the ratio of volumeswhen piston 138 is at bottom center to top center. Conventionally, thecompression ratio is in the range of 9:1 to 10:1. However, in someexamples where different fuels are used, the compression ratio may beincreased. This may happen, for example, when higher octane fuels orfuels with higher latent enthalpy of vaporization are used. Thecompression ratio may also be increased if direct injection is used dueto its effect on engine knock.

In some embodiments, each cylinder of engine 10 may include a spark plug192 for initiating combustion. Ignition system 190 can provide anignition spark to combustion chamber 30 via spark plug 192 in responseto spark advance signal SA from controller 12, under select operatingmodes. However, in some embodiments, spark plug 192 may be omitted, suchas where engine 10 may initiate combustion by auto-ignition or byinjection of fuel as may be the case with some diesel engines.

In some embodiments, each cylinder of engine 10 may be configured withone or more fuel injectors for providing fuel thereto. As a non-limitingexample, cylinder 30 is shown including one fuel injector 166. Fuelinjector 166 is shown coupled directly to cylinder 30 for injecting fueldirectly therein in proportion to the pulse width of signal FPW receivedfrom controller 12 via electronic driver 168. In this manner, fuelinjector 166 provides what is known as direct injection (hereafter alsoreferred to as “DI”) of fuel into combustion cylinder 30. While FIG. 1shows injector 166 as a side injector, it may also be located overheadof the piston, such as near the position of spark plug 192. Such aposition may improve mixing and combustion when operating the enginewith an alcohol-based fuel due to the lower volatility of somealcohol-based fuels. Alternatively, the injector may be located overheadand near the intake valve to improve mixing. It will be appreciatedthat, in an alternate embodiment, injector 166 may be a port injectorproviding fuel into the intake port upstream of cylinder 30.

It will be appreciated that in still further embodiments, the engine maybe operated by injecting a variable fuel blend or knock/pre-ignitionsuppressing fluid via two injectors (a direct injector 166 and a portinjector) and varying a relative amount of injection from each injector.

Fuel may be delivered to fuel injector 166 via a high pressure fuelsystem 80, including fuel tanks, fuel pumps, and a fuel rail.Alternatively, fuel may be delivered by a single stage fuel pump atlower pressure, in which case the timing of the direct fuel injectionmay be more limited during the compression stroke than if a highpressure fuel system is used. Further, while not shown, the fuel tanksmay have a pressure transducer providing a signal to controller 12.

Fuel may be delivered by the injector(s) to the cylinder during a singleengine cycle of the cylinder. Further, the distribution and/or relativeamount of fuel delivered from the injector(s) may vary with operatingconditions. For example, the distribution may vary with a rate of changeof a cylinder aircharge, a nature of an abnormal cylinder combustionevent (such as, whether there is a cylinder misfire event, knock event,or pre-ignition event). Furthermore, for a single combustion event,multiple injections of the delivered fuel may be performed per cycle.The multiple injections may be performed during the compression stroke,intake stroke, or any appropriate combination thereof.

As described above, FIG. 1 shows only one cylinder of a multi-cylinderengine. As such each cylinder may similarly include its own set ofintake/exhaust valves, fuel injector(s), spark plug, etc.

Fuel tanks in fuel system 80 may hold fuel or knock/pre-ignitionsuppressing fluids with different qualities, such as differentcompositions. These differences may include different alcohol content,different water content, different octane, different heat ofvaporizations, different fuel blends, and/or combinations thereof etc.In one example, fuels or knock/pre-ignition suppressing fluids withdifferent alcohol contents could include one fuel being gasoline and theother being ethanol or methanol. In another example, the engine may usegasoline as a first substance and an alcohol containing fuel blend suchas E85 (which is approximately 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or M85(which is approximately 85% methanol and 15% gasoline) as a secondsubstance. Other alcohol containing fuels could be a mixture of alcoholand water, a mixture of alcohol, water and gasoline etc. In stillanother example, both fuels may be alcohol blends wherein the first fuelmay be a gasoline alcohol blend with a lower ratio of alcohol than agasoline alcohol blend of a second fuel with a greater ratio of alcohol,such as E10 (which is approximately 10% ethanol) as a first fuel and E85(which is approximately 85% ethanol) as a second fuel. In yet anotherexample, one of the fluids may include water while the other fluid isgasoline or an alcohol blend. Additionally, the first and second fuelsmay also differ in other fuel qualities such as a difference intemperature, viscosity, octane number, latent enthalpy of vaporizationetc. Still other pre-ignition suppressing fluids may include water,methanol, washer fluid (which is a mixture of approximately 60% waterand 40% methanol), etc.

Moreover, fuel characteristics of the fuel or pre-ignition suppressingfluid stored in the fuel tank may vary frequently. In one example, adriver may refill the fuel tank with E85 one day, and E10 the next, andE50 the next. The day to day variations in tank refilling can thusresult in frequently varying fuel compositions, thereby affecting thefuel composition delivered by injector 166.

Engine 10 may further include one (as depicted) or more knock sensors 90distributed along a body of the engine (e.g., along an engine block).When included, the plurality of knock sensors may be distributedsymmetrically or asymmetrically along the engine block. Knock sensor 90may be an accelerometer, an ionization sensor, or a vibration sensor.

In one example, as elaborated with reference to FIG. 4, an enginecontroller may be configured to detect and differentiate engine blockvibrations generated due to abnormal combustion events, such as knockingand pre-ignition, from the forced opening (and subsequent slamming shut)of a cylinder exhaust valve based on the output (e.g., signal timing,amplitude, intensity, frequency, etc.) of the one or more knock sensors90. The controller may assess the sensor outputs in different timingwindows that are cylinder specific and that are based on the nature ofthe vibration being detected. For example, vibrations generated due tothe forced opening of a cylinder exhaust valve by exhaust residualsreleased from a late burning cylinder may be identified by knock sensoroutputs sensed in a window that is relatively later during an openexhaust valve event of the late burning cylinder. In comparison,abnormal cylinder combustion events occurring in a firing cylinder maybe identified by knock sensor outputs sensed in a window that isrelatively earlier during an open exhaust valve event of the lateburning cylinder. In one example, the windows in which the knock signalsare estimated may be crank angle windows.

In further examples, the engine controller may be configured to detectand differentiate the origin of the vibrations based on the output(e.g., signal timing, amplitude, intensity, frequency, etc.) of the oneor more knock sensors as well as a rate of change of a parameterindicative of a cylinder aircharge such as a rate of change of amanifold pressure (MAP), a manifold air flow (MAF), etc.

Mitigating actions taken by the engine controller to address knock maydiffer from those taken by the controller to address pre-ignition. Forexample, knock may be addressed using ignition spark timing adjustments(e.g., spark retard) and EGR, while pre-ignition may be addressed usingload-limiting, fuel enrichment, fuel enleanment, direct injection of ahigher octane fuel or a knock-suppressing fluid, multiple compressionstroke fuel injections, etc. In addition, pre-ignition mitigatingactions taken by the controller to address incipient pre-ignition in arecently firing cylinder may differ from pre-ignition mitigating actionstaken by the controller to address potential late-burn inducedpre-ignition that may occur in a cylinder forcibly receiving hot exhaustresiduals from a late burning cylinder. For example, incipientpre-ignition may be addressed by enriching the affected cylinder for alonger duration (e.g., a larger number of combustion events) whilepotential late burn induced pre-ignition may be addressed by enrichingthe affected cylinder for a shorter duration (e.g., a smaller number ofcombustion events) until a temperature of the exhaust residuals isreduced. During conditions where the pre-ignition mitigating action isresponsive to a cylinder late burn event, the adjustments may also bebased on an amount of delay in the late combusting cylinder.

In still further embodiments, the fuel injection (e.g., the timing ofthe injection, the number of injections in a given engine cycle, theamount/proportion of the fluid injected during an intake stroke relativeto a compression stroke, the amount/proportion of fluid direct injectedinto the cylinder relative to an amount port injected into the cylinder,etc.) may be adjusted based on the detected vibration.

It will be appreciated that while FIG. 1 suggests using knock sensors tosense engine block vibrations and forced entry of exhaust residuals intoa cylinder, in alternate examples, other accelerometers, vibrationssensors, or in-cylinder pressure sensors can be used to sense thevibrations.

Controller 12 is shown in FIG. 1 as a microcomputer, includingmicroprocessor unit 106, input/output ports 108, an electronic storagemedium for executable programs and calibration values shown as read onlymemory chip 110 in this particular example, random access memory 112,keep alive memory 114, and a data bus. Controller 12 may receive varioussignals from sensors coupled to engine 10, in addition to those signalspreviously discussed, including measurement of inducted mass air flow(MAF) from mass air flow sensor 122; engine coolant temperature (ECT)from temperature sensor 116 coupled to cooling sleeve 118; a profileignition pickup signal (PIP) from Hall effect sensor 120 (or other type)coupled to crankshaft 140; throttle position (TP) from a throttleposition sensor; absolute manifold pressure signal (MAP) from sensor124, cylinder AFR from EGO sensor 128, and abnormal combustion from aknock sensor and a crankshaft acceleration sensor. Engine speed signal,RPM, may be generated by controller 12 from signal PIP. Manifoldpressure signal MAP from a manifold pressure sensor may be used toprovide an indication of vacuum, or pressure, in the intake manifold.Still other sensors such as cylinder pressure sensors, knock sensors,and/or pre-ignition sensors may be coupled to engine 10 (e.g., to a bodyof the engine) to help in the identification of abnormal combustionevents.

Storage medium read-only memory 110 can be programmed with computerreadable data representing instructions executable by processor 106 forperforming the methods described below as well as other variants thatare anticipated but not specifically listed.

FIG. 2 shows an example embodiment of an engine 200, which may be engine10 of FIG. 1, wherein exhaust from different groups of cylinders aredirected to different exhaust passages of a segmented exhaust manifold.The different exhaust passages may merge at a downstream location of theexhaust manifold, at or around an emission control device.

Engine 200 includes a variable cam timing (VCT) system 202, a camprofile switching (CPS) system 204, an emission control device 208including an exhaust catalyst, and a cylinder head 210 with a pluralityof cylinders 212 (in the depicted example, four cylinder C1-C4 areillustrated). Intake manifold 214 is configured to supply intake airand/or fuel to the cylinders 212 and a segmented integrated exhaustmanifold 216 is configured to exhaust the combustion products from thecylinders 212. Segmented exhaust manifold 216 may include a plurality ofexhaust passages, or outlets, each coupled to the emission controldevice at different locations along segmented exhaust manifold 216. In afurther embodiment, the different outlets may be coupled to differentexhaust components. While the depicted embodiment shows intake manifold214 being separate from cylinder head 210 and exhaust manifold 216 beingintegrated in cylinder head 210, in other embodiments, intake manifold214 may be integrated and/or exhaust manifold 216 may be separate fromcylinder head 210.

Cylinder head 210 includes four cylinders, labeled C1-C4. Cylinders 212may each include a spark plug and a fuel injector for delivering fueldirectly to the combustion chamber, as described above in FIG. 1.However, in alternate embodiments, each cylinder may not include a sparkplug and/or direct fuel injector. Cylinders may each be serviced by oneor more valves. In the present example, cylinders 212 each include twointake valves and two exhaust valves. Each intake and exhaust valve isconfigured to open and close an intake port and exhaust port,respectively. The intake valves are labeled I1-I8 and the exhaust valvesare labeled E1-E8. Cylinder C1 includes intake valves I1 and I2 andexhaust valves E1 and E2; cylinder C2 includes intake valves I3 and I4and exhaust valves E3 and E4; cylinder C3 includes intake valves I5 andI6 and exhaust valves E5 and E6; and cylinder C4 includes intake valvesI7 and I8 and exhaust valves E7 and E8. Each exhaust port of eachcylinder may be of equal diameter. However, in some embodiments, some ofthe exhaust ports may be of different diameter. For example, the exhaustports controlled by exhaust valves E4 and E5 may be of smaller diameterthan the remaining exhaust ports.

Each intake valve is actuatable between an open position allowing intakeair into a respective cylinder and a closed position substantiallyblocking intake air from the respective cylinder. Further, FIG. 2 showshow intake valves I1-I8 may be actuated by a common intake camshaft 218.Intake camshaft 218 includes a plurality of intake cams configured tocontrol the opening and closing of the intake valves. Each intake valvemay be controlled by first intake cams 220 and second intake cams 222.Further, in some embodiments, one or more additional intake cams may beincluded to control the intake valves. In the present example, firstintake cams 220 have a first cam lobe profile for opening the intakevalves for a first intake duration while second intake cams 222 have asecond cam lobe profile for opening the intake valve for a second intakeduration. The second intake duration may be a shorter intake duration(shorter than the first intake duration), the second intake duration maybe a longer intake duration (longer than the first duration), or thefirst and second duration may be equal. Additionally, intake camshaft218 may include one or more null cam lobes. Null cam lobes may beconfigured to maintain respective intake valves in the closed position.

Likewise, each exhaust valve is actuatable between an open positionallowing exhaust gas out of a respective cylinder of the cylinders 212and a closed position substantially retaining gas within the respectivecylinder. Further, FIG. 2 shows how exhaust valves E1-E8 may be actuatedby a common exhaust camshaft 224. Exhaust camshaft 224 includes aplurality of exhaust cams configured to control the opening and closingof the exhaust valves. Each exhaust valve may be controlled by firstexhaust cams 226 and second exhaust cams 228. Further, in someembodiments, one or more additional exhaust cams may be included tocontrol the exhaust valves. In the present example, first exhaust cams226 have a first cam lobe profile for opening the exhaust valves for afirst exhaust duration while second exhaust cams 228 have a second camlobe profile for opening the exhaust valve for a second exhaustduration. The second exhaust duration may be a shorter, longer, or equalto the first exhaust duration. Additionally, exhaust camshaft 224 mayinclude one or more null cam lobes configured to maintain respectiveexhaust valves in the closed position.

Additional elements not shown may further include push rods, rockerarms, tappets, etc. Such devices and features may control actuation ofthe intake valves and the exhaust valves by converting rotational motionof the cams into translational motion of the valves. In other examples,the valves can be actuated via additional cam lobe profiles on thecamshafts, where the cam lobe profiles between the different valves mayprovide varying cam lift height, cam duration, and/or cam timing.However, alternative camshaft (overhead and/or pushrod) arrangementscould be used, if desired. Further, in some examples, cylinders 212 mayeach have only one exhaust valve and/or intake valve, or more than twointake and/or exhaust valves. In still other examples, exhaust valvesand intake valves may be actuated by a common camshaft. However, in analternate embodiment, at least one of the intake valves and/or exhaustvalves may be actuated by its own independent camshaft or other device.

A subset of the exhaust valves of cylinders 212 may be deactivated, ifdesired, via one or more mechanisms. For example, exhaust valves E3-E6,which are coupled to exhaust manifold segment 234 (explained in moredetail below) may be deactivated via switching tappets, switching rockerarms, or switching roller finger followers. During modes where variabledisplacement engine operation (VDE) is activated, the intake valves maybe deactivated utilizing similar mechanisms. Alternatively, thecylinders may be configured with selectively deactivatable fuelinjectors wherein the fuel injectors are selectively deactivated (whilemaintaining intake and exhaust valve timing) during VDE mode ofoperation to provide cylinder deactivation.

Engine 200 may include variable valve actuation systems, for example CPSsystem 204, and variable cam timing VCT system 202. A variable valveactuation system may be configured to operate in multiple operatingmodes based on engine operating conditions, such as based on whether theengine is performing an cold engine start, a warmed-up engine operation,engine speed-load conditions, etc. Based on the mode of operation, thevariable valve actuation system may be configured to open only a subsetof exhaust ports of a subset of cylinders, with all other exhaust portsclosed. Additionally, the variable valve actuation system may beconfigured to selectively open and close the intake ports incorrespondence to the opening and closing of the exhaust ports duringthe various operating modes.

CPS system 204 may be configured to translate specific portions ofintake camshaft 218 longitudinally, thereby causing operation of intakevalves I1-I8 to vary between first intake cams 220 and second intakecams 222 and/or other intake cams. Further, CPS system 204 may beconfigured to translate specific portions of exhaust camshaft 224longitudinally, thereby causing operation of exhaust valves E1-E8 tovary between first exhaust cams 226 and second exhaust cams 228 and/orother exhaust cams. In this way, CPS system 204 may switch betweenmultiple profiles. In doing so, the CPS system 204 may switch between afirst cam, for opening a valve for a first duration, a second cam, foropening the valve for a second duration, and/or additional or null cams.CPS system 204 may be controlled via signal lines by controller 201(controller 201 is one non-limiting example of controller 12 of FIG. 1).

The configuration of cams described above may be used to provide controlof the amount and timing of air supplied to, and exhausted from, thecylinders 212. However, other configurations may be used to enable CPSsystem 204 to switch valve control between two or more cams. Forexample, a switchable tappet or rocker arm may be used for varying valvecontrol between two or more cams.

Engine 200 may further include VCT system 202. VCT system 202 may be atwin independent variable camshaft timing system, for changing intakevalve timing and exhaust valve timing independently of each other. VCTsystem 202 includes intake camshaft phaser 230 and exhaust camshaftphaser 232 for changing valve timing. VCT system 202 may be configuredto advance or retard valve timing by advancing or retarding cam timing(an example engine operating parameter) and may be controlled via signallines by controller 201. VCT system 202 may be configured to vary thetiming of valve opening and closing events by varying the relationshipbetween the crankshaft position and the camshaft position. For example,VCT system 202 may be configured to rotate intake camshaft 218 and/orexhaust camshaft 224 independently of the crankshaft to cause the valvetiming to be advanced or retarded. In some embodiments, VCT system 202may be a cam torque actuated device configured to rapidly vary the camtiming. In some embodiments, valve timing such as intake valve closing(IVC) and exhaust valve closing (EVC) may be varied by a continuouslyvariable valve lift (CVVL) device. The valve/cam control devices andsystems described above may be hydraulically powered, or electricallyactuated, or combinations thereof. Signal lines can send control signalsto and receive a cam timing and/or cam selection measurement from CPSsystem 204 and VCT system 202.

Returning to exhaust manifold 216, it may be configured with multipleoutlets to selectively direct exhaust gas from different groups ofcylinders to different locations along the exhaust manifold (e.g., tovarious exhaust components). While the depicted example shows exhaustmanifold 216 to be a single, integrated exhaust manifold that includesmultiple outlets, in other embodiments, cylinder head 210 may includemultiple separate and physically distinct exhaust manifolds, each havingone outlet. Furthermore, the separate exhaust manifolds may be includedin a common casting in cylinder head 210. In the embodiment of FIG. 2,exhaust manifold 216 includes a first exhaust manifold segment 234 and asecond exhaust manifold segment 236 coupled to a common exhaust passage238.

First exhaust manifold segment 234 couples a subset of exhaust ports ofa subset of the cylinders to the emission control device 208. As shownin FIG. 2, the exhaust ports of exhaust valves E3-E6 of cylinders C2 andC3, respectively, are coupled to the first exhaust manifold segment 234.First exhaust manifold segment 234 includes inlets 240, 254 coupled tothe exhaust ports controlled by exhaust valves E3 and E4, respectivelyand inlets 242, 256 coupled to the exhaust ports controlled by exhaustvalves E5 and E6, respectively. Further, exhaust from first exhaustmanifold segment 234 is directed into exhaust passage 238 upstream ofemission control device 208. Thus, when exhaust valves E3-E6 are opened,exhaust is directed from cylinders C2 and C3 to the exhaust passage 238through the first exhaust manifold segment 234 on to emission controldevice 208.

Second exhaust manifold segment 236 couples a different subset of thecylinders to the exhaust passage 238. As shown in FIG. 2, the exhaustports of exhaust valves E1-E2, and E7-E8 of cylinders C1 and C4,respectively, are coupled to second exhaust manifold segment 236. Secondexhaust manifold segment 236 includes inlets 250, 252 coupled to theexhaust ports controlled by exhaust valves E1 and E2, respectively andinlets 258, 260 coupled to the exhaust ports controlled by exhaustvalves E7 and E8, respectively. Further, exhaust from second exhaustmanifold segment 236 is directed into exhaust passage 238 upstream ofemission control device 208, and upstream of a point where first exhaustmanifold 234 merges with exhaust passage 238. Thus, when exhaust valvesE1-E2 and E7-E8 are opened, exhaust is directed from cylinders C1 and C4to the exhaust passage 238 through the second exhaust manifold segment236 on to emission control device 208.

In some embodiments, the first and second exhaust manifold segments maybe coupled to different exhaust components. For example, one of theexhaust manifold segments may be coupled upstream of an exhaust turbinewhile the other exhaust manifold segment may be coupled downstream ofthe exhaust turbine. As another example, while the depicted embodimentshows each of the exhaust manifold segments coupled upstream of theemission control device, in an alternate embodiment, one of the exhaustmanifold segments may be coupled upstream of an emission control devicecatalyst while the other exhaust manifold segment may be coupleddownstream of the emission control device catalyst.

Grouping of cylinders may be based on various factors such as a firingorder, a location of the cylinders on the engine based on the specificengine configuration (e.g., whether they are positioned on a firstengine bank or a second engine bank), as well as a configuration of theexhaust manifold (e.g., whether the exhaust manifold is segmented,integrated, etc.). In the depicted example, the engine is an in-lineengine and the cylinders are grouped based on their firing order(herein, C1, then C3, then C4, then C2) such that no two consecutivelyfiring cylinders are grouped together (herein, C1 is grouped with C4while C2 is grouped with C3). However, in alternate embodiments,consecutively firing cylinder may be grouped together. In anotherexample, cylinders on a first engine bank may be grouped with each otherwhile cylinders on a second bank may be grouped with each other.

By segmenting the exhaust manifold so that exhaust from different groupsof cylinders are directed to different exhaust manifold segments, and todifferent locations along an exhaust passage, improved pumping work andreduced flow losses can be achieved.

As described above, FIG. 2 shows a non-limiting example of an internalcombustion engine and associated intake and exhaust systems. It shouldbe understood that in some embodiments, the engine may have more or lesscombustion cylinders, control valves, throttles, and compressiondevices, among others. Example engines may have cylinders arranged in a“V” configuration. Further, a first camshaft may control the intakevalves for a first group or bank of cylinders and a second camshaft maycontrol the intake valves for a second group of cylinders. In thismanner, a single CPS system and/or VCT system may be used to controlvalve operation of a group of cylinders, or separate CPS and/or VCTsystems may be used.

As such, based on the configuration of an engine, including an engineexhaust manifold, as well as a firing order of cylinders in the engine,exhaust residuals generated during combustion in a cylinder may bereceived in another cylinder. For example, as illustrated in the exampleof FIG. 5 herein below, based on valve timings of the various cylinders,exhaust residuals from a cylinder undergoing an exhaust stroke may beunintentionally received in another cylinder concurrently undergoing anintake stroke. In particular, in engines configured with small exhaustmanifolds (to address turbo lag issues), the release of a large amountof exhaust residuals into a common exhaust manifold can lead to elevatedexhaust manifold pressures. The elevated exhaust manifold pressure can,in turn, overcome the exhaust valve spring pressure of a cylinder,forcing exhaust residuals from the combusting cylinder into one or moreneighboring cylinders. When the exhaust valve subsequently slams shut, acharacteristic ringing may occur which can be detected based on sensedengine block vibrations and distinguished from vibrations generate dueto knocking and pre-ignition events based on differences in frequencycontent of the vibrations. Applicants have recognized that if thetemperature and pressure of the exhaust residuals is sufficientlyelevated, when received in a neighboring cylinder, the hot residuals mayincrease the recipient cylinder's propensity for pre-ignition. As anexample, during transient torque requests (e.g., in response to a suddendrop in torque demand), torque control may be achieved by modifyingengine parameters from nominal settings and retarding spark ignitiontiming. While the spark retard allows substantially immediate torquereduction to be achieved, the late combustion event generates hotexhaust residuals. When received in a first recipient cylinder, the hotresiduals may not only increase the likelihood of pre-ignition in thefirst recipient cylinder, but may also raise the temperature ofresiduals generated in the first recipient cylinder such that whencombustion occurs in that cylinder, a second recipient cylinder (likelyto receive exhaust residuals from the first recipient cylinder) may alsoreceive hot residuals and may pre-ignite. Thus, a cascading pre-ignitionevent can occur than can rapidly degrade the engine.

As elaborated at FIG. 3, an engine controller may be configured toidentify a late combustion event based on engine parameters and inresponse to the late combustion event, the controller may pre-empt thepre-ignition by performing a pre-ignition mitigating action in one ormore cylinders that are likely to be affected by the late combustionevent. Alternatively, as elaborated at FIG. 4, the controller may detectthat a cylinder exhaust valve has been forced open due to the entry ofhot residuals from a late combustion event based on engine blockvibrations sensed in a window during an open exhaust valve of the latefiring cylinder. Based on when the exhaust valve slamming occurs, and byknowing which cylinder on the bank fired late as well as which valves onthe bank of cylinders are on the base circle, the controller may windowwhere the vibration occurred along with the information properlyfiltered in the correct frequency spectrum, and identify which cylinderreceived the unintended hot residual. Additionally air mass flow ratescould be used to know when the engine was at high enough loads toproduce pressures high enough to unseat the exhaust valves from thecorresponding late burns. By more accurately identifying the cylinderwhere the exhaust valve was forced open, pre-ignition mitigating actionsmay be appropriately performed.

In this way, the engine systems of FIGS. 1-2 enable a method for anengine wherein in response to a late cylinder combustion event (such as,in response to exhaust temperature of combustion in a first cylinderbeing above a threshold temperature, or a combustion timing in the firstcylinder being retarded from a threshold timing), a pre-ignitionmitigating action (such as cylinder fuel deactivation or cylinder fuelenrichment) is performed in a second cylinder receiving exhaustresiduals from the combustion in the first cylinder. Optionally, apre-ignition mitigating action may also be performed in a third cylinderreceiving exhaust residuals from combustion in the second cylinder. Byadjusting fuel injection to the recipient cylinder(s), a temperature ofthe residuals may be lowered in the recipient cylinder, thereby reducingthe risk of cylinder pre-ignition events.

The engine system of FIGS. 1-2 also enables a method for an enginewherein in response to a sensed block vibration in a window during anopen exhaust valve of a first cylinder undergoing a late combustionevent and after exhaust valve closing of a second cylinder, apre-ignition mitigating action is performed in the second cylinder. Bybetter identifying the forced entry of late burn residuals into acylinder, appropriate mitigating steps may be taken and late burninduced pre-ignition events can be reduced. As such, this improvesengine performance.

Now turning to FIG. 3, an example routine 300 is depicted for performinga pre-ignition mitigating action in one or more cylinders in response toa late combustion event in a given cylinder. By adjusting fuel injectionto one or more cylinders receiving hot exhaust residuals from combustionin the given cylinder, effective temperatures of the received residualsmay be lowered, reducing the likelihood of late-burn inducedpre-ignition events.

At 302, the routine includes estimating and/or measuring engineoperating conditions. These include, for example, engine speed and load,torque demand, boost, manifold pressure (MAP), manifold airchargetemperature (MCT), air-fuel ratio (lambda), fuel alcohol content,barometric pressure, ambient conditions (e.g., ambient temperature,pressure, humidity, etc.), engine pre-ignition history, etc. At 304,engine parameter settings may be adjusted based on the estimated engineoperating conditions. For example, based on a nominal torque request,engine parameter settings of boost, valve timing, spark ignition timing,etc., may be set to nominal settings. As an example, spark timing may beset to MBT or borderline spark.

At 306, it may be determined if there is a transient over-torque. Thatis, it may be determined if a sudden drop in torque demand has occurredand the available torque is more than the demanded torque. Transientover-torque conditions may occur during a tip-out or a transmissionshift, for example. Herein, the transient torque reduction may allow thetorque to be temporarily reduced and provide a smoother shift feel. Asfurther examples, transient over-torque conditions may occur due toengine idle speed over-speed conditions, or due to a transient change inrequested EGR. If there is not transient over-torque, the routine mayend. Upon confirming a transient over-torque condition, at 308, thenominal engine parameter settings may be adjusted. As non-limitingexamples, to provide the torque reduction, boost level may be lowered,EGR valve settings may be adjusted (e.g., to increase EGR delivered tothe engine while decreasing fresh intake air delivered to the engine),intake and/or exhaust valve timings may be adjusted, spark timing may beretarded (from MBT or borderline spark settings), etc. In one example, afeedback torque controller may be configured to move the engineparameter settings from the nominal settings in response to theover-torque condition. The nominal settings may be temporarily adjustedto provide the torque reduction and then returned to the original(nominal) settings. For example, spark timing may be temporarilyretarded from MBT and then returned back to the nominal setting.

As such, spark retard from MBT or borderline spark settings may beadvantageously used to provide a fast (substantially immediate) torquereduction response. This allows transient torque control to be rapidlyachieved. However, the retarded spark setting can also cause latecombustion burning cycles in the engine. Specifically, the retardedspark can lead to a late combustion event wherein cylinder combustionoccurs at a time or crank angle location that is later than was intended(that is, later than would occur if the engine parameter settings weremaintained at the nominal settings). In some engine configurations, suchas with a boosted engine, the late combustion may be much later thanintended.

The late combustion in a cylinder can lead to the generation of hotexhaust residuals in the cylinder, as well as high exhaust manifoldpressures. If a large amount of hot residuals are generated in thecylinder, the residuals can lead to abnormal combustion events, such asmisfires and/or pre-ignition events, in one or more neighboringcylinders. Specifically, the large amount of hot residuals can bereceived in a neighboring cylinder during the valve overlap period.Alternatively, or additionally, the hot residuals can force open theexhaust valve of a neighboring cylinder. In particular, the hotresiduals can elevate the exhaust manifold pressure to levels that causea neighboring cylinder exhaust valve spring pressure to be overcome,forcing the hot exhaust residuals into the neighboring cylinder. Ineither case, the hot residuals can substantially raise the temperaturein the cylinder receiving the residuals, and make that cylinder prone topre-ignition. In addition, hot residuals received in a first recipientcylinder can raise the exhaust temperature of combustion in the firstrecipient cylinder such that a second recipient cylinder receivingexhaust residuals from the first recipient cylinder also becomes proneto misfires and pre-ignition events. Additionally, the elevated exhaustmanifold pressure due to the hot residuals can spin a turbine andincrease the amount of air inducted into the cylinders, further raisingthe likelihood of cylinder pre-ignition events. The problem may beexacerbated in engines configured with small volume exhaust manifolds(such as those used to reduce turbo lag issues).

Thus, at 310, it is determined if there is a late combustion event. Inparticular, based on the modified engine parameter settings, it may bedetermined if there is a late combustion event in a first cylinder(Cylinder_(—)1). In one example, the late combustion event in the firstcylinder is inferred based on one or more of the cylinder's (intakeand/or exhaust) valve timing, spark timing, spark plug ionizationcurrent, crankshaft acceleration, and cylinder pressure. For example, alate combustion may be determined in response to a combustion timing ofthe cylinder being retarded from a threshold timing. This may include anintake and/or exhaust valve timing of combustion in the first cylinderbeing retarded from a threshold valve timing and/or a spark timing ofcombustion in the first cylinder being retarded from a threshold sparktiming (e.g., from MBT).

Upon confirming a late combustion event in the first cylinder, at 312,it may be determined if an exhaust temperature of combustion in thefirst cylinder (that is, a temperature of exhaust residuals generated atthe first cylinder) is higher than a threshold temperature. It may alsobe determined if an amount of exhaust residuals released from the firstcylinder is higher than a threshold amount. As such, if the temperatureand amount of exhaust residuals generated by the late combustion eventin the first cylinder is higher than the threshold, there is alikelihood that the residuals will force open the exhaust valve of aneighboring cylinder, causing residuals to be forced into that cylinder.Thus, in response to the exhaust temperature of combustion in the firstcylinder being above the threshold temperature, and the amount ofexhaust residuals released from the first cylinder being higher than thethreshold amount, the engine controller may perform a pre-ignitionmitigating action in one or more cylinders (Cylinder_(—)2, . . . n),receiving (progressively) exhaust residuals from the combustion in thefirst cylinder, as elaborated below.

Specifically, at 314, the routine includes determining which cylinder isreceiving exhaust residuals from the late burn event in the firstcylinder. This may include inferring (or identifying) a second cylinder(Cylinder_(—)2) that will receive (or is receiving) exhaust residualsfrom the combustion in the first cylinder based at least on an identityof the first cylinder and a firing order of the engine. For example, ina four cylinder in-line engine having consecutively positioned cylindersnumbered 1 through 4, and wherein a firing order of the cylindersincludes cylinder number 1 firing first, followed by cylinder number 3,then cylinder number 4 and finally cylinder number 2, it may bedetermined which of cylinders 1-4 incurred the late combustion toidentify which cylinder will most likely receive the hot exhaustresiduals. Herein, if cylinder number 1 is the first cylinder incurringthe late combustion, cylinder number 2 is most likely to receive theexhaust residuals since cylinder number 2 will be in an intake stroke(providing least resistance to the entry of residuals) when cylindernumber 1 is in the exhaust stroke, while the other cylinders will be inpower or compression strokes (providing higher resistance to the entryof residuals). However, if cylinder number 4 is the first cylinderincurring the late combustion, cylinder number 3 will most likelyreceive the exhaust residuals since cylinder number 3 will be in anintake stroke (providing least resistance to the entry of residuals)when cylinder number 4 is in the exhaust stroke. As such, the identityof the cylinder receiving residuals would be different if the engine wasa 6-cylinder in-line engine, or if the engine was a four cylinderV-shaped engine with different cylinders of different engine banks. Inone example, where the engine has different groups of cylinders ondifferent banks, the first cylinder undergoing the late combustion andthe second cylinder receiving the exhaust residuals may be located on acommon engine bank.

In some embodiments, the second cylinder may be further identified basedon an exhaust manifold configuration. For example, the identity of thesecond cylinder may be based on whether the exhaust manifold wasintegrated or segmented (such as the segmented exhaust manifold in theengine system of FIG. 2). As an example, if the exhaust manifold issegmented, it may be determined which cylinders are grouped to a commonexhaust manifold segment such that they discharge exhaust through acommon conduit. Herein, the first cylinder undergoing the latecombustion and the second cylinder receiving the exhaust residuals maybe coupled to the common exhaust manifold, even if located at differentpositions on the engine.

In other embodiments, as elaborated at FIG. 4, the controller maydetermine which cylinder received the exhaust residuals by utilizing thesystem knock sensors coupled along the engine block to detect if anexhaust valve has been forced open. In particular, after an exhaustvalve of a neighboring cylinder is forced open at high pressure, theexhaust valve slams into the exhaust seat upon return. This slammingoccurs because the exhaust valve is on the base circle of the camshaft,and is not following the exhaust cam profile for that particularcylinder in the bank of cylinders. When the slamming occurs it generatesvibrations which cause the knock sensors to resonate. By knowing whichcylinder on the bank recently fired (late), and which exhaust valves onthe bank of cylinders are on the base circle, it is possible for thecontroller to window where the vibration occurred. This informationalong with the sensor output properly filtered in the correct frequencyspectrum enables the controller to identify which cylinder received theunintended hot residual. Additionally air mass flow rates could be usedto know when the engine was at high enough loads to produce pressureshigh enough to unseat the exhaust valves from the corresponding lateburns. In one example, in response to a sensed block vibration in awindow during an open exhaust valve of a first cylinder undergoing alate combustion event and after exhaust valve closing of a secondcylinder, the controller may infer that the second cylinder receivedunintended hot residuals from the first cylinder and accordingly performa pre-ignition mitigating action in the second cylinder.

In some embodiments, one or more cylinders that will be progressivelyaffected by the residuals generated in the first cylinder may beidentified. For example, in addition to identifying a second cylinderreceiving (or most likely to receive) exhaust residuals from the firstcylinder, a third cylinder likely to receive residuals from the secondcylinder may also be identified. This is because the hot residualsreceived in the second cylinder may not only cause the second cylinderto potentially pre-ignite, but the received hot residuals may also leadto elevated exhaust temperatures upon combustion in the second cylinder,which can force hot residuals into the third cylinder and increase thethird cylinder's propensity for pre-ignition.

Upon identifying the second cylinder, at 316, the routine includesperforming a pre-ignition mitigating action in the second cylinderreceiving the exhaust residuals from the first cylinder (e.g., byadjusting fuel injection to the second cylinder). It will be appreciatedthat while the depicted embodiment shows performing the pre-ignitionmitigating action in a second cylinder upon confirming a late combustionevent in a first cylinder having an amount and temperature of exhaustresiduals that is higher than a threshold, in alternate embodiments, thepre-ignition mitigating action may be performed upon confirming eitherthe exhaust temperature of combustion in the first cylinder is higherthan a threshold temperature or an amount of exhaust residuals is higherthan a threshold amount. That is, pre-ignition may be considered likelyif a small amount of hot residuals, or a large amount of cool residuals,are released.

Returning to 316, performing a pre-ignition mitigating action in thesecond cylinder may include, at 318, selectively deactivating fuelinjection to the second cylinder. Alternatively, performing apre-ignition mitigating action in the second cylinder may include, at320, adjusting fuel injection to the second cylinder to be richer thanstoichiometry. Herein, a degree of richness of the rich fuel injectedmay be adjusted based on the degree of lateness of the combustion timingin the first cylinder. For example, as the degree of lateness of thecombustion timing in the first cylinder increases, a degree of richnessof the rich fuel injection in the second cylinder may be increased.Alternatively, the degree of lateness may be inferred based on theamount and temperature of the residuals and the degree of richness maybe adjusted based on the amount and temperature of the residualsrelative to the respective thresholds. For example, the degree ofrichness of the rich fuel injected may be adjusted based on a differencebetween the exhaust temperature of combustion in the first cylinder andthe threshold temperature, the degree of richness increased as thedifference increases.

As still another example, performing a pre-ignition mitigating actionmay include, at 322, increasing a proportion of fuel (for a rich fuelinjection) that is direct injected into the affected cylinder whilecorrespondingly decreasing a proportion of fuel that is port injectedinto the affected cylinder. In embodiments where the cylinder isconfigured to receive two or more fuels of differing octane contents,the controller may provide a rich fuel injection by increasing directinjection of a first fuel having a higher octane content whilecorrespondingly decreasing port injection of a second fuel having alower octane content into the affected cylinder. The split ratio may bebased on the degree of lateness of the combustion timing in the firstcylinder. The direct injection may be continued for a number ofcombustion events that is based on the degree of lateness of thecombustion timing in the first cylinder. Alternatively, the directinjection may be continued until a temperature of the exhaust residualsentering the second cylinder is below the threshold temperature.

As yet another example, performing a pre-ignition mitigating action mayinclude, at 324, retarding a fuel injection timing of rich fuelinjection in the affected cylinder towards a compression stroke anddelivering the fuel over multiple compression stroke injections. Thefuel injection timing retard and the number of compression strokeinjections may be based on the degree of lateness or spark timing delayin the first cylinder.

By performing a pre-ignition mitigating action in the second cylinder,various advantages are achieved. First, the selective fuel deactivationor cylinder fuel enrichment is performed to reduce pre-ignition in thesecond cylinder. Herein, pre-ignition is mitigated due to cooling of theresiduals in the second cylinder via the fuel deactivation or fuelenrichment. In addition, the lowered temperature of exhaust residuals inthe second cylinder lowers the exhaust temperature of combustion in thesecond cylinder. That is, the second cylinder is now less likely torelease hot residuals, and thus pre-ignition in a third cylinderreceiving exhaust residuals from the second cylinder may also bemitigated.

In some embodiments, in addition to performing the pre-ignitionmitigating action in the second cylinder, a pre-ignition mitigatingaction may also be performed in the third cylinder. As one example, inresponse to a timing of combustion in a first cylinder being later thana threshold, the engine controller may selectively deactivate fuelinjection to the second cylinder receiving exhaust residuals from thefirst cylinder as well as selectively deactivating fuel injection to thethird cylinder expected to receive exhaust residuals from the secondcylinder. As another example, each of the second and the third cylindermay be enriched in response to the late combustion event in the firstcylinder. However, the degree of enrichment may vary with the secondcylinder having a higher degree of enrichment that the third cylinder.As such, the pre-ignition mitigating action is performed beforereceiving an indication of pre-ignition in each of the first, second,and third cylinders.

In still other embodiments, in addition to performing the pre-ignitionmitigating action in the second cylinder, a pre-ignition mitigatingaction may also be performed in the first cylinder undergoing the latecombustion. As such, this may be performed in engines configured withdirect fuel injection where fuel can be rapidly delivered directly intothe cylinder. For example, in response to a timing of combustion in thefirst cylinder being later than a threshold, the engine controller maylate inject (via direct fuel injection) an amount of fuel into the firstcylinder to generate exhaust residuals that are richer thanstoichiometry. The late fuel injection may include an additional fuelinjection in the exhaust stroke of the first cylinder. Herein, the latefuel injection may provide multiple advantages. First, the late fuelinjection may help in cooling the temperature of the exhaust residualsreceived in the second cylinder despite the first cylinder undergoing alate combustion event. As such, this allows pre-ignition in the secondcylinder to be pre-empted. In addition, part of the pre-ignitionmitigating enrichment required in the second cylinder may be providedvia the late fuel injection to the first cylinder itself. As an example,a portion of the fuel enrichment required in the second cylinder may beprovided as a late (rich) fuel injection in the exhaust stroke to thefirst cylinder, while a remaining portion of the required the fuelenrichment is provided via a rich fuel injection in the second cylinder.

It will be appreciated that while the routine of FIG. 3 shows a latecombustion event being monitored in response to a transient over-torquecondition, this is not meant to be limiting. In alternate embodiments,the controller may continuously monitor late combustion events in allengine cylinders under all conditions and perform mitigating actions inresponse to any cylinder late combustion event. In still furtherembodiments, the controller may look at late combustion events in highair mass flow regions where the exhaust manifold volume comes more intoplay.

In this way, by adjusting fuel injection to a cylinder receiving a largeamount of hot exhaust residuals from a late combustion event in aneighboring cylinder, late burn induced pre-ignition events may bebetter anticipated and mitigated.

In one example, in response to combustion timing in a first cylinderbeing retarded from a threshold timing, a controller may selectivelyenrich fuel injection to one or more cylinders, including a secondcylinder, receiving exhaust residuals from combustion in the firstcylinder. The entry of exhaust residuals into the second cylinder may beinferred based on cylinder firing order and engine conditions at thetime of late combustion in the first cylinder. Alternatively, the entryof residuals may be detected based on engine block vibrations sensed ina window during an open exhaust valve event of the first cylinder. Theretarded combustion timing in the first cylinder may include a sparktiming, an intake valve timing and/or an exhaust valve timing, whereinthe combustion timing being retarded from the threshold timing is basedon one or more of crankshaft acceleration, spark plug ionizationcurrent, and cylinder pressure.

A degree of richness of the rich fuel injection to the second cylindermay be adjusted based on a degree of lateness of the combustion timingin the first cylinder from the threshold timing, with the degree ofrichness increased as the degree of lateness increases. The degree ofrichness may be further based on a number of deactivated enginecylinders. For example, it may be determined whether the engine is in aVDE mode of operation, and if so, how many cylinders are deactivated andtheir location on the engine (e.g., which bank, their firing order,etc.). The degree of richness of the rich fuel injection may also bebased on a temperature of the exhaust residuals received so as to bringan exhaust temperature of combustion in the second cylinder below athreshold temperature. In some embodiments, a larger portion of the richinjection may be direct injected while a smaller portion of the richinjection is direct injected. Additionally, a timing of the richinjection may be retarded towards the compression stroke while theinjection is split into a number of compression stroke injections. Insome embodiments, selectively enriching fuel injection to one or morecylinders includes enriching fuel injection to a second cylinderreceiving exhaust residuals from combustion in the first cylinder, andfurther enriching fuel injection to a third cylinder expected to receiveexhaust residuals from combustion in the second cylinder. Herein, theenrichment of the second cylinder may be higher than the enrichment ofthe third cylinder. The controller may optionally also perform a latefuel injection in the first (late combusting) cylinder to selectivelyenrich the exhaust residuals received in the second cylinder.

Under certain operating conditions, cylinder pre-ignition events maystill occur due to, for example, the combustion timing in the firstcylinder being incorrectly estimated/inferred. As an example, based oncylinder valve timings, crankshaft acceleration, boost level, etc., afirst amount of combustion timing delay may be estimated in a firstcylinder, the first amount of combustion timing delay being less than athreshold amount of delay. As a result, it may be determined that thelate combustion timing in the first cylinder may not cause forced entryof exhaust residuals into a second cylinder, and no pre-ignitionmitigating action may be taken in the second cylinder. That is, fuelenrichment or fuel deactivation may not be performed in the secondcylinder. However, due to errors in the estimation of valve timing,crankshaft acceleration, boost level, etc., the combustion timing delayin the first cylinder may actually be a second, larger amount ofcombustion timing delay, the second amount larger than the thresholdamount of delay. As a result, pre-ignition may occur in the secondcylinder.

If pre-ignition does occur in the second cylinder receiving exhaustresiduals from a first cylinder undergoing late combustion (and isidentified from a sensor such as an engine block accelerometer or otherknock sensor), the engine controller may be configured to adaptivelylearn the combustion timing of the first cylinder. This allows theengine control system to better determine the error in estimatingcombustion timing delay of the first cylinder, and apply that erroradaptively for future combustion timing delay estimations. For example,in response to a pre-ignition event in a second cylinder receivingexhaust residuals from combustion in a first cylinder, the controllermay be configured to adaptively learn a combustion timing delay in thefirst cylinder, and adjust one or more parameters or factors used in acombustion timing delay estimation model. For example, the controllermay adjust adaptive parameters stored in computer memory to increase thecombustion timing estimated for such conditions so that duringsubsequent operation, the combustion timing is more accuratelyidentified and so that mitigating actions in the second cylinder can beimplemented. In this way, the controller may be able to learn fromsensed cylinder pre-ignition events so as to reduce the likelihood offuture pre-ignition events.

Now turning to FIG. 4, an example routine 400 is shown for detectingexhaust valve slamming events and differentiating them from abnormalcylinder combustion events. The exhaust valve slamming or ringing mayoccur due to hot exhaust residuals generated from a late combustionevent in a cylinder being forced into a neighboring cylinder. Bymonitoring engine block vibrations sensed in a window during an openexhaust valve of the late combusting cylinder, exhaust valve ringingevents can be better detected and the affected cylinder can be betteridentified. By filtering the output from one or more engine block knocksensors through different band-pass filters, vibrations arising due to acylinder knock or pre-ignition event can be differentiated from theforced entry of residuals into a cylinder based at least on frequencycontent.

At 402, the method includes estimating a knock sensor output from one ormore engine block knock sensors in one or more windows during an openexhaust valve of a first cylinder (Cylinder_(—)1) undergoing a latecombustion event. The first cylinder undergoing the late combustionevent may include a spark timing of the first cylinder being delayedfrom MBT (or nominal settings or borderline spark). The one or morewindows may be crank angle windows and the knock sensor outputs may bereflective of sensed engine block vibrations. In the depicted example,engine block vibrations are sensed in each of a first window (window1)and a second window (window2). Window2 may be earlier than window1. Insome examples, window1 and window2 may be at least partiallyoverlapping.

As such, the one or more windows may be adjusted based at least on thevalve timing of the cylinder firing late so that the windows are duringan open exhaust valve of the late firing cylinder. In addition, thewindows may be adjusted based on the configuration of the enginecylinders (e.g., based on the whether the engine has 4 cylinders or 6cylinders, based on whether the cylinders are in-line or on differentbanks in a V-engine). The different windows may be adjusted so as todifferentiate abnormal combustion events in a cylinder that is currentlyfiring (such as knock or pre-ignition events occurring in a thirdcylinder that is in a power stroke and that is firing immediately afterthe first cylinder) from exhaust valve slamming events occurring due tounintended entry of exhaust residuals into a cylinder that is notcurrently firing (such as a second cylinder that is in an intake strokeand is therefore most likely to receive exhaust residuals from the lateburning first cylinder). For example, the first window may be adjustedto be after exhaust valve closing and after intake valve opening of thesecond cylinder but before intake valve closing of the second cylinder.Engine block vibrations sensed in this window may be reflective ofexhaust valve slamming in the second cylinder (based on their amplitudeand frequency content relative to a threshold). The first window mayalso be before a spark ignition event in the second cylinder but after aspark ignition event in a third cylinder firing immediately after thefirst cylinder (that is, the first window is between spark ignitionevents). In comparison, the second window may be an earlier windowadjusted to be from before a spark ignition event in the third cylinderuntil after the spark ignition event in the third cylinder (e.g., fromTDC in the third cylinder to before intake valve closing in the secondcylinder). That is, the second window is around a spark ignition eventin the third cylinder. Engine block vibrations sensed in this window maybe reflective of knock or pre-ignition events in the third cylinder(based on their amplitude and frequency content relative to athreshold).

At 404 and 420, the sensed engine block vibrations (that is, the knocksensor outputs) are filtered through different band-pass filters so asto filter out their signal content in specific frequency ranges. Assuch, the mechanical noise generated by the slamming or popping of anexhaust valve may be different from the vibrations generated duringcombustion knock or pre-ignition and therefore may require differentfiltering within a given window. Specifically, at 404, the engine blockvibrations sensed in the first window may be filtered through a firstband-pass filter so that the sensor output can be assessed in a firstfrequency range. Likewise, at 420, the engine block vibrations sensed inthe second window may be filtered through a second, different band-passfilter so that the sensor output can be assessed in a second, differentfrequency range. At 406, after filtering the sensor output in the firstwindow through the first filter, it may be determined if the amplitudeof the sensed block vibration in the first window is larger than a first(exhaust valve popping) threshold amplitude. If not, the routine may endwith no exhaust valve slamming being determined. In comparison, if theamplitude is higher than the first threshold amplitude, then at 408, itmay be determined that the exhaust valve of a second cylinder(Cylinder_(—)2) was forced open due to the forced entry of hot residualsfrom the late combusting first cylinder (Cylinder_(—)1). In particular,in response to an amplitude of the sensed engine block vibration beinghigher than a threshold amplitude at a selected frequency range in thewindow, exhaust valve slamming at the second cylinder may be determined.

In response to the sensed engine block vibration and the determinationof unintended exhaust residuals entering the second cylinder, at 410,the routine includes performing a pre-ignition mitigating action in thesecond cylinder. Herein, the pre-ignition mitigating action is performedbefore receiving an indication of pre-ignition in the second cylinder.That is, the pre-ignition mitigating action is performed in anticipationof a late burn induced pre-ignition in the second cylinder.

The pre-ignition mitigating actions performed may include, selectivelydeactivating fuel injection to the second cylinder (at 411), selectivelyenriching fuel injection to the second cylinder (at 412), increasingdirect injection of a first fuel having a higher octane content whilecorrespondingly decreasing port injection of a second fuel having alower octane content into the second cylinder (at 413), and/or retardingfuel injection timing of the second cylinder towards a compressionstroke and delivering fuel over multiple compression stroke injections(at 414). Herein, the fuel injection timing retard and a number ofcompression stroke injections may be based on the spark timing delay inthe first cylinder.

Returning to 420, after filtering the sensor output in the second windowthrough the second filter, at 422, it may be determined if the amplitudeof the sensed block vibration in the second window is larger than eachof a second (pre-ignition) and third (knock) threshold. The thirdthreshold may be lower than each of the first and second threshold andthe second threshold may be higher than the first threshold. If yes,then at 424, a cylinder pre-ignition event in the third cylinder(Cylinder_(—)3) may be determined. In particular, an indication ofcylinder pre-ignition may be determined after an occurrence of cylinderpre-ignition in the third cylinder. In one example, the sensed engineblock vibrations may indicate incipient pre-ignition in Cylinder_(—)3.Accordingly, a pre-ignition mitigating action may be performed inCylinder_(—)3. These may include fuel deactivation, fuel enrichment,increased direct injection, and/or multiple compression stroke fuelinjections, as elaborated at 410. However, the degree of thepre-ignition mitigating action may be more aggressive and based on themagnitude of the indication of pre-ignition (e.g., based on thedifference of the knock sensor output from the second threshold). Forexample, the degree of richness of the rich fuel injection used tomitigate the incipient cylinder pre-ignition in Cylinder_(—)3 may behigher than the degree of richness of the rich fuel injection used tomitigate the potential late burn induced pre-ignition in Cylinder_(—)2.

If the amplitude of the filtered sensor output in the second window isnot higher than each of the second and third thresholds, then at 426, itmay be determined if the filtered sensor output is higher than the thirdthreshold and lower than the second threshold. Herein, the second,higher threshold may correspond to a pre-ignition threshold while thethird, lower threshold corresponds to a knock threshold. Thus, if thefiltered sensor output is lower than the second threshold but higherthan the third threshold, then at 428, an occurrence of cylinder knockin Cylinder_(—)3 may be determined and a knock mitigating action may beperformed in the third cylinder. This may include, for example,retarding spark by an amount or increasing an amount of exhaust gasrecirculation (EGR). As such, if the amplitude is not higher than thesecond threshold, the routine may end with no abnormal combustion eventdetected in Cylinder_(—)3.

In this way, the output from the same knock sensor (or same set of knocksensors) can be advantageously used to detect the forced entry ofexhaust residuals from a late combusting cylinder into a neighboringcylinder as well as to detect a cylinder knock or pre-ignition event ina cylinder that has just fired. By filtering the sensor outputsdifferently and analyzing their frequency content differently, engineblock vibrations with more prominent ringing can be better ascribed toabnormal combustion events while engine block vibrations with lessprominent ringing can be ascribed to exhaust valve slamming events. Byadjusting the mitigating actions accordingly, engine life can beimproved.

It will be appreciated that while the above routine depicts assessingthe engine block vibrations in each of a first and second window, itwill be appreciated that in alternate embodiments, the engine blockvibrations may be sensed in a single, common window and the outputs maybe frequency filtered differently for detecting forced residual entryinto one cylinder or detecting knock or pre-ignition in another enginecylinder. For example, following a late burn event in a first cylinder,a knock sensor output may be estimated in a common, wider window andfiltered through each of a first filter and a second filter to provide afiltered output in a first frequency range and a second frequency rangerespectively. In response to an amplitude of the filtered output in thefirst frequency range being higher than a first threshold, exhaust valveslamming in a second cylinder may be determined. In response to anamplitude of the filtered output in the second frequency range beinglower than a second threshold but higher than a third threshold (whereinthe third threshold is lower than the second threshold), knock in athird cylinder may be determined. In response to an amplitude of thefiltered output in the second frequency range being higher than each ofthe second threshold and the third threshold, pre-ignition in the thirdcylinder may be determined. In one example, the second threshold forpre-ignition detection may be higher than the first threshold for forcedexhaust residual entry detection, and each of the first and secondthresholds may be higher than the third threshold used for knockdetection. However, in alternate examples, the thresholds may vary basedon the particular configuration of the engine. In one example,

Now turning to FIG. 5, an example detection of exhaust valve popping isshown. At FIG. 6, a fuel injection adjustment performed responsive tothe detection of FIG. 5 is shown.

At FIG. 5, map 500 shows a four cylinder in-line engine having cylinders1-4 arranged consecutively along an engine block (not shown), whereincylinders 1-4 are configured to fire in the order 1-3-4-2. Map 500depicts intake valve timings (solid line) and exhaust valve timings(dashed line) with respect to engine piston position being in an intakestroke (I), exhaust stroke (E), power stroke (P) or compression stroke(C). Map 500 further depicts cylinder spark ignition events by stars501, 503, 505, 507.

The first plot from the top of the figure represents position ofcylinder number one (cylinder 1). And, in particular, the stroke ofcylinder number one as the engine crankshaft is rotated. Cylinder 1strokes are labeled according to the engine position. For example,cylinder 1 is shown first in an intake stroke (I), the engine rotatesand cylinder number one enters the compression stroke (C) followed bypower (P) and exhaust (E) strokes. The cylinder cycle for cylinder 1then repeats. For a four stroke engine a cylinder cycle may be 720°, thesame crankshaft interval for a complete cycle of the engine.

The second plot from the top of the figure, likewise represents positionof cylinder number three (cylinder 3), in particular, the stroke ofcylinder number three as the engine crankshaft is rotated. Cylinder 3strokes are labeled according to the engine position. For example,Cylinder 3 is shown first in an exhaust stroke (E), the engine rotatesand cylinder number three enters the intake stroke (I), followed bycompression (C) and power (P) strokes. The cylinder cycle for Cylinder 3then repeats. The third plot from the top of the figure, likewiserepresents position of cylinder number four (cylinder 4), in particular,the stroke of cylinder number four as the engine crankshaft is rotated.Cylinder 4 strokes are labeled according to the engine position. Forexample, Cylinder 4 is shown first in power stroke (P), the enginerotates and cylinder number four enters the exhaust stroke (E), followedby intake (I) and compression (C) strokes. The cylinder cycle forCylinder 4 then repeats. The fourth plot from the top of the figure,likewise represents position of cylinder number two (Cylinder 2), inparticular, the stroke of cylinder number two as the engine crankshaftis rotated. Cylinder 2 strokes are labeled according to the engineposition. For example, Cylinder 2 is shown first in a compression stroke(C), the engine rotates and cylinder number two enters the power stroke(P), followed by exhaust (E) and intake (I) strokes. The cylinder cyclefor Cylinder 2 then repeats.

The star at label 501 indicates the ignition event for a firstcombustion event in cylinder 1. The ignition may be initiated by a sparkplug. In this sequence, cylinder number one valves are open for at leasta portion of the intake stroke to provide air to the cylinder. Fuel maybe injected to the engine cylinders by port or direct injectors. Thefuel and air mixture are compressed and ignited during the compressionstroke. Peak cylinder pressure may occur at top-dead-center ofcompression stroke or during the expansion stoke. Subsequent combustionevents in cylinders 3, 4, and 2 are shown at 503, 505, and 507, in thatorder.

In the depicted example, the spark ignition event 501 in Cylinder 1occurs with spark retard such that the ignition event is delayed laterinto the power stroke. As a result of the late combustion event, a largeamount of hot exhaust residuals are discharged from Cylinder 1 duringthe exhaust stroke when the exhaust valve open (plot 502). Due to theconfiguration of the engine, cylinder number two (Cylinder 2) is in anintake stroke (plot 503) at the same time as Cylinder 1 is in exhauststroke (plot 502), providing relatively less resistance to the entry ofresiduals. In comparison, cylinder number three (Cylinder 3) andcylinder number four (Cylinder 4) are in power and compression strokesrespectively at the same time as Cylinder 1 is in the exhaust stroke,providing relatively more resistance to the entry of residuals. As aresult, the hot exhaust residuals generated from the late combustionevent in Cylinder 1 are most likely to be received in Cylinder 2,potentially increasing the propensity for Cylinder 2 to pre-ignite. Assuch, since neither of cylinder numbers three and four (Cylinder 3,Cylinder 4) are likely to receive exhaust residuals from the latecombustion event in Cylinder 1, neither is likely to be affected by thelate combustion event.

The release of exhaust residuals from Cylinder 1 can elevate the exhaustmanifold pressure to levels that can overcome the exhaust valve springpressure of Cylinder 2. As such, when the exhaust valve is forced openat high pressure, it slams upon return to the exhaust valve seat,generating a characteristic mechanical noise, herein also referred to asexhaust valve popping, slamming or ringing, depicted herein at plot 503.When the slamming occurs, it causes an engine block sensor to resonate.The slamming occurs because the exhaust valve is on the base circle ofthe camshaft and is not following the exhaust cam profile for thatparticular cylinder in the bank of cylinders. As such, this mechanicalnoise may be distinct from engine block vibrations sensed duringpre-ignition and knock. In particular, the different vibrations may havedifferent frequency content. Thus, by filtering engine block vibrationssensed in a window during an open exhaust valve of the late firingcylinder through different band-pass filters, the output from the sameset of knock sensors can be used to identify knock or pre-ignition in arecently firing cylinder as well as exhaust valve slamming in aneighboring cylinder. In still further embodiments, air mass flow ratescan be additionally used to determine when the engine was at high enoughloads to produce pressures high enough to unseat the exhaust valves ofneighboring cylinder from the corresponding late burns.

In the depicted example, the engine block vibrations are sensed in eachof a first window w1 and a second window w2 wherein both windows areduring an open exhaust valve (plot 502) of the late firing cylinder(herein Cylinder 1). Specifically, the first window w1 is a window thatis relatively later during the open exhaust valve of the late combustingfirst cylinder Cylinder 1 and wherein the second window w2 is a windowthat is relatively earlier during the open exhaust valve of the firstcylinder. In the depicted example, w1 and w2 are shown asnon-overlapping windows. However, it will be appreciated that inalternate embodiments, the first and second windows may be at leastpartially overlapping. In the present example, the first window isadjusted to be during the open exhaust valve of the first cylinder,after exhaust valve closing and intake valve opening of the secondcylinder (Cylinder 2) and before intake valve opening of the secondcylinder. As such, the first window is also between spark ignitionevents. In particular, the first window is after a spark ignition event503 in the third cylinder firing immediately after the first cylinder,and before spark ignition events 505 and 507 in the fourth and secondcylinders respectively, wherein the fourth cylinder fires after thethird cylinder. In comparison, the second window is in a range coveringthe spark ignition event in the third cylinder. For example, the secondwindow may start at or before TDC of Cylinder 3 and end after sparkignition event 503 in Cylinder 3.

It will be appreciated that based on the identity of the late combustingcylinder, the windows may be continually updated. For example, if thelate combusting cylinder is Cylinder 3, the windows may shift so thatengine block vibrations are sensed in a window during the open exhaustvalve of Cylinder 3, so as to look for exhaust valve popping at Cylinder1 (the most likely candidate) and abnormal combustion events at Cylinder4 (the cylinder firing immediately after Cylinder 3).

Engine block vibrations sensed in the first window w1 may be filteredthrough a first band-pass filter so that their frequency content isassessed in a first frequency range. Engine block vibrations sensed inthe second window w2 may then be filtered through a second, differentband-pass filter so that their frequency content is assessed in asecond, different frequency range. In response to the filtered knocksensor outputs in the first window being higher than a first threshold,the engine block vibrations sensed in the first window w1 may beattributed to the untimely opening and subsequent slamming of theexhaust valve of Cylinder 2, depicted at plot 503.

In response to the detection of exhaust valve popping, the enginecontroller may perform a pre-ignition mitigating action in Cylinder 2 toreduce the likelihood of late burn induced pre-ignition. As elaboratedpreviously, these actions may include, for example, selective fueldeactivation, selective fuel enrichment, increased direct injection offuel, and/or increased compression stroke injection of fuel to theaffected cylinder.

In response to engine block vibrations sensed in the second window, thecontroller may determine an abnormal combustion event in the cylinderthat is firing at that time, that is, Cylinder 3. The controller maycompare the outputs relative to distinct knock and pre-ignitionthresholds to determine if the abnormal combustion event in the thirdcylinder is due to knock or pre-ignition. For example, in response to anamplitude of the filtered knock sensor output in the second window atthe second frequency range being higher than each of a second and thirdthreshold, the engine block vibrations sensed in the second window w1may be attributed to a pre-ignition event in Cylinder 3. However, if theamplitude of the filtered knock sensor output in the second window atthe second frequency range is higher than the third threshold but lowerthan the second threshold, the engine block vibrations sensed in thesecond window w1 may be attributed to a knock event in Cylinder 3. Inresponse to the indication of knock, a knock mitigating action may beperformed in Cylinder 3 while in response to the indication ofpre-ignition, a pre-ignition mitigating action may be performed inCylinder 3.

It will be appreciated that the pre-ignition mitigating action performedin Cylinder 3 responsive to the indication of cylinder pre-ignition maybe more aggressive than the pre-emptive pre-ignition mitigating actionperformed in Cylinder 2 responsive to the indication of exhaust valveslamming.

In this way, the output from the same set of knock sensors can be usedto detect exhaust valve slamming in a cylinder and to distinguish thevibrations caused by exhaust valve slamming from those caused by knockand pre-ignition in a cylinder undergoing a spark ignition event. Byimproving the accuracy of detection of forced residual entry, mitigatingactions can be timely performed.

It will be appreciated that during some conditions, such as when valvedurations are longer than depicted, the high exhaust manifold pressuregenerated from the residuals released by Cylinder 1 can affect the valveoverlap of Cylinder 2. In particular, the high pressure of the exhaustresiduals can cause residuals to be forcibly delivered into Cylinder 2during a period of positive valve overlap. As such, since the residualsenter while the intake and exhaust valves of Cylinder 2 are open,mechanical noise and vibrations related to exhaust valve ringing may notbe observed during these conditions. Thus, engine block vibrations maynot be detected in the window during an open exhaust valve event ofCylinder 1. During these conditions, pressure transducers, ion sensors,and/or exception processing of crankshaft acceleration data may be usedto determine where the late burn occurred (in the crank angle domain) toconfirm if the exhaust residuals could affect the valve overlap periodof a neighboring cylinder, and to identify residual entry into thecylinder. For example, forced residual entry can be detected based on asubstantially elevated in-cylinder pressure.

Now turning to FIG. 6, map 600 shows an example engine fuel injectionadjustment that is performed in response to the exhaust valve poppingdetection shown at FIG. 5. As such, FIG. 6 shows the same engineconfiguration as FIG. 5. Therefore, elements previously introduced inFIG. 5 are numbered the same and not re-introduced in FIG. 6.

In the depicted example, following from FIG. 5, a spark ignition event501 in Cylinder 1 occurs with spark retard such that the ignition eventis delayed later into the power stroke. As a result of the latecombustion event, a large amount of hot exhaust residuals are dischargedfrom Cylinder 1 during the exhaust stroke (plot 502) into Cylinder_(—)2and the forced entry of hot exhaust residuals is detected via signatureengine block vibrations that arise due to ringing of the exhaust valveof Cylinder_(—)2 in a window during an open exhaust valve ofCylinder_(—)1. In response to the detection of forced exhaust residualentry into Cylinder_(—)2 and to reduce the likelihood of pre-ignition inCylinder 2, a rich fuel injection 602 may be performed during the intakestroke of Cylinder 2. The rich fuel injection enables a temperature ofthe exhaust residuals received in Cylinder 2 to be lowered, in situ,thereby also lowering a likelihood of pre-ignition in Cylinder 2. Adegree of richness of the rich fuel injection may be adjusted based onthe degree of lateness in combustion of Cylinder_(—)1. In someembodiments, the rich fuel injection can include a higher proportion ofdirect injected fuel and a lower proportion of port injected fuel.Additionally, while the rich fuel injection is shown as a singleinjection in the intake stroke of Cylinder_(—)2, in alternateembodiments, the rich fuel injection may be retarded into thecompression stroke of Cylinder_(—)2 and delivered as multiplecompression stroke injections. An amount of injection timing retard anda number of compression stroke injections may be based on the degree oflateness of the combustion of Cylinder_(—)1.

In some embodiments, where at least a portion of cylinder fuel injectionis provided via direct injection, the temperature of the residuals mayalso be lowered by optionally performing a late rich fuel injection 604in Cylinder 1 itself. For example, a controller may perform an initial(stoichiometric) fuel injection to Cylinder 1 in the intake stroke andin response to the combustion timing of combustion in Cylinder 1 beinglater than a threshold timing, the controller may perform a second richfuel injection to Cylinder 1 in the exhaust stroke. This providesmultiple advantages. First, it allows the temperature of the residualsbeing released from Cylinder 1 to be lowered, in situ. In addition, itprovides at least a portion of the pre-ignition mitigating rich fuelinjection, required for Cylinder 2, in advance. Consequently, a richfuel injection having a smaller degree of richness may need to bedelivered to Cylinder 2. In one example, the controller may determine apre-ignition mitigating rich fuel injection amount to be injected intoCylinder 2 responsive to the late combustion event in Cylinder 1, andmay deliver a first (e.g., smaller) portion of the total fuel injectionamount during the exhaust stroke of Cylinder 1 while delivering a second(e.g., larger) portion of the total fuel injection amount during theintake stroke of Cylinder 2. A split ratio of the first and secondportions may be based on a degree of lateness of the late combustionevent in Cylinder 1 (e.g., based on how late the combustion timing ofCylinder 1 is from a threshold timing).

In some embodiments, even though the temperature of residuals receivedin Cylinder 2 are lowered, the large amount of residuals receivedtherein can raise the exhaust temperature of combustion when combustionoccurs in Cylinder 2. As shown in map 600, since the exhaust valvetiming of Cylinder 2 overlaps with the intake valve timing of Cylinder4, exhaust residuals generated in Cylinder 2 may be most likely receivedin Cylinder 4. The elevated exhaust temperature of combustion inCylinder 2 can then raise the likelihood of pre-ignition in Cylinder 4.In other words, the late combustion event in Cylinder 1 can indirectlyaffect, and raise the risk of pre-ignition, in Cylinder 4, even thoughCylinder 4 does not receive exhaust residuals directly from Cylinder 1.To pre-empt this indirect risk of pre-ignition, following the latecombustion event in Cylinder 1, in addition to the rich fuel injection602 performed in Cylinder 2, another pre-emptive pre-ignition mitigatingrich fuel injection 606 may be performed Cylinder 4. However, the degreeof richness of rich fuel injection 606 may be lower than the degree ofrichness of rich fuel injection 602 (compare sizes of boxes 602 and606).

In this way, by performing a pre-ignition mitigating fuel adjustment ina cylinder undergoing untimely exhaust valve popping, late burn inducedcylinder pre-ignition events occurring due to the forced delivery of hotexhaust residuals into the cylinder can be reduced.

Now turning to FIG. 7, map 700 shows another example fuel adjustment ina neighboring cylinder responsive to a late combustion event in a givencylinder. In particular, map 700 shows an example engine operationwherein engine parameter settings are modified from nominal settings inresponse to a sudden drop in the desired torque demand. In the depictedexample, the engine uses at least some spark timing retard to addressthe transient over-torque condition. In response to the resulting latecombustion in a cylinder, fuel injection in a neighboring cylinder ismodified (herein, enriched) to address potential pre-ignition arisingfrom the entry of hot residuals into the neighboring cylinder.Specifically, map 700 depicts a change in desired torque at plot 702, achange in spark timing at plot 704, an estimated combustion timing (foreach cylinder undergoing a combustion event) at plot 706, and a changein cylinder air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) due to a change in cylinder fuelinjection at plot 708.

Before t1, the engine may be operating with nominal torque demand (plot702) provided by maintaining engine parameter settings at nominalsettings (plot 704). For example, based on an operator pedal positionindication, the desired amount of torque may be provided by adjusting aboost level of an engine turbocharger, setting spark timing at MBT (orborderline spark settings), adjusting an engine speed (e.g., to idlespeed), adjusting an EGR valve to provide a smaller amount of EGR, etc.At t1, a sudden drop in torque demand may occur as a result of which anover-torque condition is confirmed. The sudden drop in torque demand maybe due to a transmission shift being requested, engine idle speedover-speed conditions, a transient change in requested EGR, a pedaltip-out, etc. To allow the torque produced to be rapidly lowered inorder to meet the reduced torque demand, engine parameter settings maybe modified from the nominal settings at which they were. For example,boost level may be lowered, EGR may be increased to increase enginedilution, intake and/or valve timings may be adjusted, and/or sparktiming may be retarded (plot 704).

Based on the modified settings, a combustion timing may be estimated(plot 706) and compared to a threshold timing 707. As such, thethreshold timing 707 may be adjusted based on the torque demand (plot702). In the depicted example, following t1, an estimated combustiontiming (plot 706) of a first combustion event in a first cylinder 1(depicted as 1) may be performed at threshold timing 707 while operatingthe first cylinder with an air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) at or aroundstoichiometry 709 (see plot 708). A second combustion event in a secondcylinder 2 (depicted as 2) may be performed while also operating thesecond cylinder with an air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) at or aroundstoichiometry 709 (see plot 708). However, the estimated combustiontiming of combustion in the second cylinder 2 may, however, be performedlater than threshold timing 707 due, at least in part, to the sparktiming retard applied at t1. As a result, the estimated combustiontiming of combustion in second cylinder 2 may be determined to be late.This may lead to a large amount of hot exhaust residuals being generatedat second cylinder 2 and being received in third cylinder 3 (depicted as3). The large amount of hot residuals may increase the likelihood ofpre-ignition in third cylinder 3.

To pre-empt the pre-ignition in third cylinder 3, in response to thelate combustion timing of combustion in second cylinder 2, fuelinjection to third cylinder 3 may be enriched such that third cylinder 3undergoes combustion at threshold timing 707 while operating with anair-to-fuel ratio that is richer than stoichiometry 709 (see plot 708).Optionally (as shown here), in addition to enriching third cylinder 3, afourth cylinder 4 (depicted as 4), configured to receive exhaustresiduals from third cylinder 3, is also enriched. However, the degreeof richness of the rich fuel injection to fourth cylinder 4 is lowerthan the degree of richness of the rich fuel injection to third cylinder3, as shown by the relatively less rich air-to-fuel ratio of combustionin fourth cylinder 4 as compared to third cylinder 3. As such, even ifthe hot residuals received in third cylinder 3 do not cause pre-ignitionin third cylinder 3, they can raise exhaust temperature of combustion incylinder 3. Since residuals from cylinder 3 are then received incylinder 4, the elevated exhaust temperature of combustion in thirdcylinder 3 can raise the possibility of pre-ignition in fourth cylinder4. Thus, by enriching fourth cylinder 4 is addition to third cylinder 3,albeit at a smaller degree of enrichment, the potential for late-burninduced pre-ignition (induced by the late burn event in second cylinder2) in each of third cylinder 3 and fourth cylinder 4 can be reduced.

At t2, the transient drop in torque demand may end and torque demand mayincrease. Accordingly, engine operating parameters may be returned tonominal settings, including returning spark timing to MBT or borderlinespark settings. As a result, a subsequent combustion event in the fifthcylinder 5 (depicted as 5) may be performed at an estimate combustiontiming that is at or earlier than threshold timing 707, while operatingfifth cylinder 5 with an air-to-fuel ratio that is substantially atstoichiometry 709 (see plot 708).

In this way, responsive to a late combustion event in a given cylinder,fuel injection to one or more neighboring cylinders, including at leastone neighboring cylinder receiving exhaust residuals from the latecombustion event in the given cylinder, may be adjusted to pre-emptlate-burn induced pre-ignition events.

It will be appreciated that while the examples of FIGS. 6 and 7illustrate pre-empting late-burn induced pre-ignition by performing arich fuel injection, in alternate embodiments, a different pre-ignitionmitigating operation may be performed in the cylinder(s) receivingexhaust residuals (directly or indirectly) from the late combustingcylinder. For example, in response to a late combustion event in a firstcylinder, fuel injection to a second cylinder receiving exhaustresiduals from the first cylinder may be deactivated. Optionally, fuelinjection to a third cylinder receiving exhaust residuals from thesecond cylinder may also be deactivated.

In this way, by sensing engine block vibrations in a window during anopen exhaust valve event of a late burning cylinder, vibrations causeddue to forced entry of exhaust residuals into a neighboring cylinder canbe better detected and distinguished from knock and pre-ignition eventsin other engine cylinders. By performing a cylinder pre-ignitionmitigating action (e.g., cylinder fuel enrichment or selective fueldeactivation) in the cylinder receiving exhaust residuals from the latecombusting cylinder, a temperature of the received exhaust residuals maybe decreased and the propensity for late burn induced pre-ignition inthe cylinder receiving the hot exhaust residuals may be lowered. Inaddition, the likelihood of pre-ignition being induced by the cylinderreceiving the hot residuals in further cylinders is also reduced.Overall, engine degradation due to pre-ignition can be mitigated.

As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, routinesdescribed in FIG. 4 may represent one or more of any number ofprocessing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven,multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various steps orfunctions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, inparallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing isnot necessarily required to achieve the objects, features, andadvantages described herein, but is provided for ease of illustrationand description. Although not explicitly illustrated, one of ordinaryskill in the art will recognize that one or more of the illustratedsteps or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on theparticular strategy being used.

This concludes the description. The reading of it by those skilled inthe art would bring to mind many alterations and modifications withoutdeparting from the spirit and the scope of the description. For example,I3, I4, I5, V6, V8, V10, and V12 engines operating in natural gas,gasoline, diesel, or alternative fuel configurations could use thepresent description to advantage.

1. A method for an engine, comprising: in response to a sensed blockvibration in a window during an open exhaust valve of a first cylinderundergoing a late combustion event and after exhaust valve closing of asecond cylinder, performing a pre-ignition mitigating action in thesecond cylinder.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first cylinderundergoing a late combustion event includes a spark timing of the firstcylinder being delayed from MBT.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein thepre-ignition mitigating action is performed before receiving anindication of pre-ignition in the second cylinder.
 4. The method ofclaim 3, wherein the window is before a spark ignition event in thesecond cylinder and after a spark ignition event in a third cylinderfiring immediately after the first cylinder.
 5. The method of claim 4,wherein the performing a pre-ignition mitigating action is in responseto an amplitude of the sensed block vibration being higher than a firstthreshold amplitude at a first frequency range in the window.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, further comprising, in response to an amplitude ofthe sensed block vibration being higher than each of a second thresholdamplitude and a third threshold amplitude at a second frequency range inthe window, performing a pre-ignition mitigating action in the thirdcylinder, and in response to an amplitude of the sensed block vibrationbeing higher than the second threshold amplitude but lower than thethird threshold amplitude at the second frequency range in the window,performing a knock mitigating action in the third cylinder, wherein thethird threshold is higher than the first and second thresholds, andwherein the first threshold is higher than the second threshold.
 7. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action includesselectively deactivating fuel injection to the second cylinder.
 8. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action includesselectively enriching the second cylinder.
 9. The method of claim 8,wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action includes increasing directinjection of a first fuel having a higher octane content whilecorrespondingly decreasing port injection of a second fuel having alower octane content into the second cylinder.
 10. The method of claim8, wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action further includes retardinga timing of rich fuel injection to the second cylinder towards acompression stroke and delivering the fuel over multiple compressionstroke injections, wherein the fuel injection timing retard and a numberof compression stroke injections is based on the spark timing delay inthe first cylinder.
 11. The method of claim 5, wherein the window is afirst window, the method further comprising, in response to a sensedblock vibration in a second window earlier than the first window andduring an open exhaust valve of the first cylinder and an open intakevalve of the second cylinder, performing a knock mitigating spark timingadjustment or a pre-ignition mitigating fuel adjustment in the thirdcylinder.
 12. An engine method comprising: delaying combustion timing ina first cylinder; sensing engine block vibrations in a first windowduring an open exhaust valve of the first cylinder; and performing apre-ignition mitigating action in a second cylinder based on anamplitude of the sensed engine block vibrations at a first frequencyrange in the first window being higher than a first threshold.
 13. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising, sensing engine block vibrationsin a second window during the open exhaust valve event, the secondwindow earlier than the first window, performing a pre-ignitionmitigating action in a third cylinder firing immediately after the firstcylinder based on an amplitude of the sensed block vibrations at asecond, different frequency range in the second window being higher thana second threshold, and performing a knock mitigating action in thethird cylinder based on the amplitude of the sensed block vibrations atthe second frequency range in the second window being lower than thesecond threshold.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first windowis after a spark ignition event in the second cylinder and before aspark ignition event in the third cylinder.
 15. The method of claim 14,wherein the second window partially overlaps the first window.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action in thesecond cylinder is performed for a first, smaller number of combustionevents, and wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action in the thirdcylinder is performed for a second, larger number of combustion events.17. An engine method comprising: sensing engine block vibrations in awindow during an open exhaust valve in a first cylinder undergoing latecombustion; indicating untimely exhaust valve opening in a secondcylinder based on the sensed engine block vibrations; and performing apre-ignition mitigating action in the second cylinder responsive to theindication.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the indicating includes,when an amplitude of the sensed engine block vibrations in a firstfrequency range is above a first threshold, indicating untimely exhaustvalve opening in the second cylinder.
 19. The method of claim 18,wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action includes increasing directinjection of a first fuel having a higher octane content whilecorrespondingly decreasing port injection of a second fuel having alower octane content into the second cylinder.
 20. The method of claim19, wherein the pre-ignition mitigating action is continued until atemperature of exhaust residuals entering the second cylinder is below athreshold temperature.